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Example entry · 3D-printed concrete

RILEM TC 304-ADC ILS-mech → Open3DCP

How a multi-national, relational interlaboratory database of printed concrete re-formats into the Open3DCP schema — print process, layer-orientation anisotropy, and per-measurement uncertainty.

storable · CC BY 4.0 3D-printed · Source: Zenodo · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.12200570 · provenance · attribution

1 · Native structure

Storage medium: a relational openBIS-exported SQLite database (2024-06-21_openbis.db, 31 tables/views), one row per tested specimen, joined across material → print → test via sample relationships. ~5,000 mechanical data points from 30 labs; a 9-row aggregated excerpt (3 labs) is committed here.

Source view (data class)Key fieldsGrain
material_…_viewstatic yield stress (Pa), w/b, spread, brand, max agg sizeper mix
print_…_viewextrusion rate, layer interval time, layer height, nozzle dims, # layers, pumpper print
exp_flex_…_viewage, orientation (U/V/W/CAST), 3-/4-pt, force, flexural strength (MPa), densityper specimen
exp_tens_/exp_split_/exp_comp_/exp_emod_…uniaxial & splitting tensile, compressive, E-modulus per specimenper specimen

2 · Re-formatting into Open3DCP

Source — RILEM (openBIS SQLite) relational · 31 tables · row per specimen material_…_view yield stress · w/b · spread · brand (per mix) print_…_view extrusion · layer interval · nozzle (per print) exp_flex_…_view age · orientation U/V/W/CAST flexural strength (MPa) · density (per specimen) FK / NAME join denormalize + aggregate join material + print + test group by (mix × orientation) → mean + std-dev + n orientation U/V/W → X/Y/Z/CAST (raw code kept in provenance) omit unit-inconsistent travel vel. commercial premix: constituents undisclosed → NULL Open3DCP flat row 3DCP process layer_height_mm · layer_time_gap_s extrusion_rate_l_min · nozzle_* · num_layers fresh rheology static_yield_stress_pa · spread_mm orientation is_3d_printed · test_orientation_code mechanical + uncertainty flexural_strength_mpa flexural_strength_stddev_mpa · n_specimens provenance lab_name · doi · measurement_confidence one row per (mix × orientation × age) NULL — not present in this source ▢ Mix-design constituents — commercial premix; composition not disclosed ▢ Durability — chloride, carbonation, freeze-thaw, shrinkage ▢ Environment — embodied carbon, exposure class ▢ Multi-age — predominantly 28 d in this study Complementary to the UCI example: that fills mix-design + strength but no process; this fills process + orientation + uncertainty but not the (undisclosed) constituents. The union across sources is the quarry → decades digital twin.
The relational per-specimen records are denormalized and aggregated into flat rows carrying mean + std-dev + n; the RILEM U/V/W orientation maps to Open3DCP X/Y/Z/CAST (raw code retained).

3 · Result in Open3DCP — print anisotropy

The 3DCP story UCI can't tell: the same mix is markedly weaker loaded parallel to the layers (X) than cast or loaded perpendicular/transverse — captured per orientation with mean ± std-dev and n. No fabricated values; aggregated from real per-specimen data.
labprinted?orientationage (d)flexural (MPa)± std-devn
01castCAST286.841.0919
01printedX · ∥ layers284.091.5834
01printedZ · ⟂ layers286.070.7419
13castCAST289.970.8422
13printedX · ∥ layers286.800.9740
13printedY · ∥ layers289.930.9620
19castCAST2814.765.9012
19printedX · ∥ layers286.722.4717
19printedY · ∥ layers2814.482.5212

Full file: rilem-tc304-ils-mech.open3dcp.csv (also carries static yield stress, spread, layer height/interval, extrusion rate, nozzle, hardened density per row).

Digital-twin coverage

Provenance✓
Mix design▢
Rheology✓
3DCP process✓
Hardened mech.✓
Multi-age▢
Durability▢
Environment▢

(Mix-design ▢ because the mortars are commercial premixes with undisclosed composition — w/b and yield stress are captured, the constituent dosages are not.) Compare with the UCI example, whose ✓/▢ pattern is almost the inverse.

4 · How this was built

# source SQLite is CC BY 4.0 but not re-hosted — download from the DOI, then:
python build/extract.py /path/to/2024-06-21_openbis.db
# → rilem-tc304-ils-mech.open3dcp.csv

v1 is hand-curated from the relational structure (build/extract.py, build/README.md); a turnkey open3dcp-ingest SQLite reader is a planned follow-up. Source © RILEM TC 304-ADC, CC BY 4.0 — see NOTICE. A sample, not a re-host.